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<title>Vmlinux</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main">vmlinux</span>

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<p><b><code>vmlinux</code></b> is a <a href="Static_library" title="Static library">statically linked</a> <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> file that contains the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> in one of the <a href="Object_file" title="Object file">object file</a> formats supported by Linux, which includes <a href="Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">Executable and Linkable Format</a> (ELF) and <a href="Common_Object_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Object File Format">Common Object File Format</a> (COFF). The <code>vmlinux</code> file might be required for kernel <a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>, <a href="Symbol_table" title="Symbol table">symbol table</a> generation or other operations, but must be made bootable before being used as an <a href="Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">operating system kernel</a> by adding a <a href="Multiboot_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiboot Specification">multiboot</a> header, <a href="Bootsector" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootsector">bootsector</a> and setup routines.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>Traditionally, <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> platforms called the kernel image <code>/unix</code>. With the development of <a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>, kernels that supported this feature were given the <code>vm</code>- prefix to differentiate them. The name <code>vmlinux</code> is a mutation of <a href="Vmunix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vmunix">vmunix</a>, while in <code>vmlinuz</code> the letter <code>z</code> at the end denotes that it is compressed (for example <a href="Gzip" title="Gzip">gzipped</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-linfo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div>

<p>Traditionally, the kernel was located in the <a href="Root_directory" title="Root directory">root directory</a> of the filesystem hierarchy; however, as the bootloader must use <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> drivers to access the <a href="Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a>, limitations on some <a href="I386" title="I386">i386</a> systems meant only the <a href="Cylinder_1024" title="Cylinder 1024">first 1024 cylinders</a> of the <a href="Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> were addressable.

</p><p>To overcome this, Linux distributors encouraged users to create a <a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> at the beginning of their drives specifically for storing <a href="Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> and kernel-related files. <a href="GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>, <a href="LILO_(boot_loader)" class="mw-redirect" title="LILO (boot loader)">LILO</a> and <a href="SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a> are common <a href="Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>.

</p><p>By convention, this partition is <a href="Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">mounted</a> on the filesystem hierarchy as <code>/boot</code>. This was later standardised by the <a href="Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</a> (FHS), which now requires the Linux kernel image to be located in either <code>/</code> or <code>/boot</code>, although there is no technical restriction enforcing this.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compression">Compression</h2></div>

<p>Traditionally, when creating a bootable <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel image</a>, the kernel is also <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> using <a href="Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a>, or, since Linux 2.6.30,<sup id="cite_ref-linux-2.6.30_compression_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-2.6.30_compression-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="LZMA" title="LZMA">LZMA</a> or <a href="Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a>, which requires a very small <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">decompression</a> stub to be included in the resulting image. The stub decompresses the kernel code, on some systems printing dots to the console to indicate progress, and then continues the boot process. Support for <a href="Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">xz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Zstd" title="Zstd">zstd</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compression was added later.

</p><p>The decompression routine is a negligible factor in boot time, and prior to the development of the <i>bzImage</i>, the size constraints of some architectures, notably i386, were extremely limiting, making compression a necessity.

</p><p>On the <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> architecture, the vmlinux file is compressed using simple <a href="Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a>, because the <a href="SILO_(boot_loader)" class="mw-redirect" title="SILO (boot loader)">SILO</a> boot loader transparently decompresses gzipped images.

</p><p>The filename of the bootable image is not important, but many popular distributions use <i>vmlinuz</i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="bzImage">bzImage</h2></div>

<p>As the Linux kernel matured, the size of the kernels generated by users grew beyond the limits imposed by some architectures, where the space available to store the compressed kernel code is limited. The bzImage (<i>big zImage</i>) format was developed to overcome this limitation by splitting the kernel over non-contiguous <a href="Computer_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage">memory</a> regions.

</p><p>The bzImage was compressed using <a href="Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a> until Linux 2.6.30,<sup id="cite_ref-linux-2.6.30_compression_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-2.6.30_compression-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="#Compression">introduced more algorithms</a>. Although the <code>bz</code> <a href="Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a> may suggest that <a href="Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a> compression is used, this is not the case.<sup id="cite_ref-linfo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linfo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The bzip2 package is often distributed with tools prefixed with <code>bz</code>, such as <code>bzless</code>, <code>bzcat</code>, etc.)

</p><p>The bzImage file is in a specific format. It contains concatenated <code>bootsect.o</code> + <code>setup.o</code> + <code>misc.o</code> + <code>piggy.o</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <code>piggy.o</code> contains the gzipped vmlinux file in its data section. The script <code>extract-vmlinux</code> found under <code>scripts/</code> in the kernel sources decompresses a kernel image. Some distributions (e.g. <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> and clones) may come with a <code>kernel-debuginfo</code> <a href="RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a> that contains the <code>vmlinux</code> file for the matching kernel RPM, and it typically gets installed under <code>/usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/`uname -r`/vmlinux</code> or <code>/usr/lib/debug/lib64/modules/`uname -r`/vmlinux</code>.

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<ul><li><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li>

<li><a href="Module_(Linux)" class="mw-redirect" title="Module (Linux)">Module (Linux)</a></li>

<li><a href="Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li>

<li><a href="System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_file" title="Object file">Object file</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/vmlinuz.html">"vmlinuz Definition"</a>. <i>www.linfo.org</i>. Bellevue Linux. March 29, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Section 3.5.2 — /boot : Static files of the boot loader". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#BOOTSTATICFILESOFTHEBOOTLOADER"><i>FHS 2.3</i></a>. 2004-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>. <q>The operating system kernel must be located in either / or /boot.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-linux-2.6.30_compression-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linux-2.6.30_compression_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linux-2.6.30_compression_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linux 2.6.30, released the 9th of June 2009, added support to compress the kernel image with the LZMA and bzip2 algorithms <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_30#head-5773b3b80a9c48eca5aae1e45561f9237d493ae1">[1]</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linux 2.6.33, released on February 24, 2010, added support to compress the kernel image with LZO <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=7dd65feb6c603e13eba501c34c662259ab38e70e">[2]</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linux 2.6.38, released on March 14, 2011, added support to compress the kernel image with xz <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_38#Core">[3]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linux 3.11, released on September 2, 2013, added support to compress the kernel image with LZ4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.11#Core">[4]</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linux 5.9, released on October 11, 2020, added support to compress the kernel image, <a href="Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a> and <a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a> with zstd <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_5.9#Support_for_ZSTD_compressed_kernel.2C_ramdisk_and_initramfs">[5]</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYann_Droneaud1999" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Yann Droneaud (1999-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lkml.org/lkml/1999/9/28/29">"Re: bzImage decompression"</a>. <i><a href="Linux_kernel_mailing_list" title="Linux kernel mailing list">LKML</a></i> (Mailing list). <q>The zImage contain bootsect.o + setup.o + misc.o + piggy.o</q></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlavoor_Vasudevan2003" class="citation book cs1">Alavoor Vasudevan (2003-08-15). "10. Kernel Files Information". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203604/http://oss.sgi.com/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO/kernel_files_info.html"><i>The Linux Kernel HOWTO</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oss.sgi.com/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO/kernel_files_info.html">the original</a> on 2017-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Pierre_Bovet2013" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel Pierre Bovet (2013-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/531148/">"Special sections in Linux binaries"</a>. <i><a href="LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></i>. <q>all special sections appearing in the Linux kernel end up packed in one of the segments defined in the vmlinux ELF header. Each special section fulfills a particular purpose.</q></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/kernel_2_4/lki-1.html">Boot process</a></li></ul>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Linux_kernel514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kernel19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Menuconfig" title="Menuconfig">menuconfig</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">Supported computer architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Version history</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Developers

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Linux_Programming_Interface" title="The Linux Programming Interface">The Linux Programming Interface</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux conference">Linux conferences</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Users

<ul><li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Werner_Almesberger" title="Werner Almesberger">Werner Almesberger</a></li>

<li><a href="H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li>

<li><a href="Moshe_Bar_(investor)" title="Moshe Bar (investor)">Moshe Bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Suparna_Bhattacharya" title="Suparna Bhattacharya">Suparna Bhattacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Avi_Kivity" title="Avi Kivity">Avi Kivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li>

<li><a href="Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li>

<li><a href="David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Ts'o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Kdump_(Linux)" title="Kdump (Linux)">kdump</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li>

<li><a href="SystemTap" title="SystemTap">SystemTap</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Startup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li>

<li><a href="Dracut_(software)" title="Dracut (software)">dracut</a></li>

<li><a href="Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li>

<li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">ABIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#SCI" title="Linux kernel interfaces">System Call<br>Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#Additions_to_POSIX" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux-only</a>

<ul><li><a href="Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></li>

<li><a href="Dnotify" title="Dnotify">dnotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#In–kernel_APIs" title="Linux kernel interfaces">In-kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Crypto_API_(Linux)" title="Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">io uring</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">Memory barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">Daemons</a>,<br><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>bpffs</li>

<li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devpts" title="Devpts">devpts</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li>hugetlbfs</li>

<li>pipefs</li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>securityfs</li>

<li>sockfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>

<li><a href="Kmscon" title="Kmscon">Kmscon</a></li>

<li><a href="Binfmt_misc" title="Binfmt misc">binfmt_misc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">Wrapper<br>libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li>

<li><a href="UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Libhybris" title="Libhybris">libhybris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li>

<li><a href="Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">libdrm</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">libalsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">libevdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Libusb" title="Libusb">libusb</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">liburing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel modules</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueZ">BlueZ</a></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_console" title="Linux console">Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">Device mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM)</li>

<li><a href="Linux_framebuffer" title="Linux framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li>

<li><a href="KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li>

<li><a href="Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Scheduling_(computing)#Linux" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process and I/O schedulers</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Brain_Fuck_Scheduler" title="Brain Fuck Scheduler">Brain Fuck Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS)</li>

<li><a href="Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first</a> (EEVDF)</li>

<li><a href="Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">Noop scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(n)_scheduler" title="O(n) scheduler">O(n) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(1)_scheduler" title="O(1) scheduler">O(1) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Security Modules</a>: <a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exec_Shield" title="Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomoyo_Linux" title="Tomoyo Linux">Tomoyo Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_PAM" title="Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a>

<li><a href="Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raw_device" title="Raw device">Raw device</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="KernelCare" title="KernelCare">KernelCare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li>

<li><a href="KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">Mainline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a>

<li><a href="Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurm_Workload_Manager" title="Slurm Workload Manager">SLURM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a>

<ul><li><a href="RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li>

<li><a href="PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>-less

<ul><li><a href="%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li>

<li><a href="PSXLinux" title="PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Virtualization18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a>

<li><a href="OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lguest" title="Lguest">Lguest</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other

<ul><li><a href="L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rangeof_use48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range<br>of use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_games_and_Linux" title="Video games and Linux">Gaming</a></li>

<li>Thin client:

<li>Server:

<li><a href="Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Devices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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